History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups

The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. However, true paper is made of pulped cellulose fibers like wood, cotton or flax. First There Was Papyrus Papyrus is made from the sliced sections of the flower stem of the papyrus plant, pressed together and dried, and then used from writing or drawing. Papyrus appeared in Egypt around 2400 B.C. Then There Was Paper A courtier named Tsai-Lun, from Lei-yang in China, was the first recorded inventor of paper circa 105 A.D. Tsai-Lun presented paper and a papermaking process to the Chinese Emperor and that was noted in the imperial court records. There may have been papermaking in China earlier than the above date, but inventor Tsai-Lun did much for the spread of papermaking technology in China. Chinese Papermaking The ancient Chinese first made paper in the following fashion. Plant fibers such as hemp were soaked and beaten into a sludgeThe sludge was strained through a cloth sieve attached to a frame that also served as a drying platform for the resulting paper Newsprint Charles Fenerty of Halifax made the first paper from wood pulp (newsprint) in 1838. Charles Fenerty was helping a local paper mill maintain an adequate supply of rags to make paper when he succeeded in making paper from wood pulp. He neglected to patent his invention and others did patent papermaking processes based on wood fiber. Corrugated Papermaking - Cardboard In 1856, Englishmen, Healey and Allen, received a patent for the first corrugated or pleated paper. The paper was used to line mens tall hats. American, Robert Gair promptly invented the corrugated cardboard box in 1870. These were pre-cut flat pieces manufactured in bulk that opened up and folded into boxes. On December 20, 1871, Albert Jones of New York NY, patented a stronger corrugated paper (cardboard) used as a shipping material for bottles and glass lanterns. In 1874, G. Smyth built the first single sided corrugated board making machine. Also in 1874, Oliver Long improved upon the Jones patent and invented a lined corrugated cardboard. Paper Bags The first recorded historical reference to grocery paper bags was made in 1630. The use of paper sacks only really started to take off during the Industrial Revolution: between 1700 and 1800. Margaret Knight (1838-1914) was an employee in a paper bag factory when she invented a new machine part to make square bottoms for paper bags. Paper bags had been more like envelopes before. Knight can be considered the mother of the grocery bag, she founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870. On February 20, 1872, Luther Crowell also patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. Paper Plates Paper foodservice disposables products were first made at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper plate was the first single-use foodservice product invented in 1904. Dixie Cups Hugh Moore was an inventor who owned a paper cup factory, located next door to the Dixie Doll Company. The word Dixie was printed on the doll companys front door. Moore saw the word every day, which reminded him of dixies, the ten-dollar bank notes from a New Orleans bank that had the French word dix printed on the face of the bill. The bank had a great reputation in the early 1800s. Moore decided that dixies was a great name. After getting permission from his neighbor to use the name, he renamed his paper cups Dixie Cups. It should be mentioned that Moores paper cups first invented in 1908 were originally called health cups and replaced the single repeat-use metal cup that had been used with water fountains.

The War Of The Second World War II Essay - 1744 Words

When news of the United States’ involvement in World War II was made known in 1940, Congress imposed a draft for men ages eighteen to thirty-seven. This was a way for them to join the fight against the axis powers. This particular war is noted as the most brutal war throughout all of history. Out of the men who registered to draft, many of them were also involved in what would be called the most popular battle of the Second World War, or the invasion of Normandy. The Invasion of Normandy, other wise referred to as D-Day occurred June 6th 1944 when allied forces invaded the border of Normandy and pushed the German forces back through France. Over one hundred thousand American, British, and Canadian forces landed on several beaches along the region. While the German numbers had already greatly thinned due to the war in Russia, D-Day and the Allies continued the further ruin of their troops. The victory over the Axis powers was accomplished through the efforts of all those within the allied powers including Britain and Canada however, the main focus of this research is the United States’ involvement in the D-Day invasion. As previously mentioned the Invasion of Normandy had a huge affect on the war itself, but how has it affected the United States overall? Did the United States’ involvement in the battle pave a way to its victory? However the Invasion of Normandy affected certain aspects within the war, it definitely had an impact from an American standpoint. This paper arguesShow MoreRelatedThe Second World War II1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Second World War is one of the most familiar wars to the everyday person because of its massive effect on the global community’s future. It is arguably the first and only total war in the history of the war. Hew Strachan believes that it is because of its totality, which is seen through all of the components and scale of World War II. His fellow historian Robert Messer agrees saying â€Å"Tha t first truly global conflict mobilized economies and populations of the world on a scale and degree thatRead MoreThe Second World War II1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn the second world war the majority of the countries of the world were intervention. The reasons for the second world war should searched at the end of the first world war. Germany was defeated and loser of the war, so it forced to pay off heavy amount of recompense and also unarmed. This was a war for freedom that lasted two years in Europe as well as in China after the Japanese attacked to Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The Second World War had finished in Europe with death of Hitler inRead MoreWorld War II : The Second Global War2282 Words   |  10 PagesOver 70 million casualties were a result of World War II (World war 2 statistics,2006) the second global war that succeeded World War I. The results of World War I entailed the punishment of Germany through the treaty of Versailles which made Germany pay for the damages that occurred during the war. The Germans did not agree to this policy due to its unjust tactics since Germany was not the only country that had a large effect in the war. This created frustration in Germany and helped instigate theRead MoreWorld War II : The World s Second Great War960 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II-- also known as The Holocaust / The Genocide -- was the world s second Great War . World War II was much more larger in scale and more longer in duration. World War I had only lasted for four years, while World War II had lasted for six years. I find it quite int eresting that contrary to popular belief; the United States did not enter World War II until 2 years after the genesis of the conflict. It was only in 1941, when the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor that the United StatesRead MoreWorld War II Was The Second Greatest War Of The Twentieth Century860 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion of the Japanese and fascism. Another reason for the outbreakRead MoreHitler s Second World War II1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthe conquering of Europe, hindsight shows that the removal of groups of people he disliked or thought of as ‘lesser’ were included in his plans from the start. 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Through years of book reading and History channel documentary viewing, I have come up with the conclusion to side with the latterRead MoreWorld War II Can Happen Any Second !931 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War III Can Happen Any Second! World War Three can erect at any point. The probability of another World War taking place is rising dramatically. There are many reasons or possible events that would put the globe in a World War Three. The outcome of many events can cause a global war, but three of them stand out the most. Three major reasons why and how the world could end up going into a World War Three is because of the fighting in Syria, the North Koreans are building their military,Read MoreThe Constituional Rights Violated During the Second World War II764 Words   |  3 PagesThe constitutional rights violated during the war (concentration camp). The concentration war was the World War II internment during the War relocation Camps and involved around 110,000 Japanese Americans who were from the US pacific coast. The U.S government ordered this internment during the year 1924 when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor. There was violation in the freedom of religion, speech, press and the right to assemble. Ther e was also violation of the right of Restrictions on Powers ofRead MoreA Comparison of World War I and World War II Essay examples527 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of World War I and World War II World War I and World War II, while started by much of the same worldwide tensions, had drastically different results because of the much more destructive nature of World War II. Both world wars were started, ultimately, by nationalism

Fantasy Story on crazy teachers Free Essays

It was I who first came up with the thought that teachers at Pemberton High are crazy. In fact, some of them might not even be human! It wouldn’t surprise me if I walked into the teacher’s lounge one day and saw them slouching in large leather recliners peeling off their faces and talking in some strange alien language. For a start, there’s my maths teacher Mr Henman. We will write a custom essay sample on Fantasy Story on crazy teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now His real name is Jim Davidson, but due to his love of tennis he calls himself Mr Henman after Tim Henman. Call her anything but Mr Henman and watch out. His face goes all red and he looks like a six-foot brick wall with a bad attitude. His ring finger is about a foot long and when he wags it at you it’s as though you’re looking at a withering garden snake. He’s over six feet tall and towers above the other teachers, even Mr Jones, our P.E teacher: And he’s a big old lump! Mr Henman is a retired, yes you guessed it, tennis player! He’ll pick you up by your ears and drop you on your head if you talk about Tim Henman or tennis in a bad way. As I said he’s a retired tennis player. For sixteen years he tortured other tennis players and umpires alike with his skill and bad attitude. Now he spends his days torturing us. Mr Henman is pure crazy! Last week he asked the class if there was anyone who had not handed in their money for the school trip. No one raised their hand, but, I knew that my friend Timmy Anderson had not. He lives alone with his mum and sister and they sadly can’t afford the trip. Mr Henman knew it too! I knew he was trying to make fun of Tim. â€Å"You’d better raise your hand,† I whispered, leaning close to Tim. â€Å"I’m not going,† he said. â€Å"Why?† Tim didn’t answer but I knew. â€Å"Don’t let him find out,† I said out of the corner of my mouth. â€Å"Otherwise, you know what he’s like he’ll say something to the whole school!† I could tell that Tim got nervous after that. He shifted in his seat and wouldn’t look up front. Mr Henman goggled at Tim in the way a hungry lion would look at a raw steak. I could tell he had some diabolical plan brewing in his head. As the bell rang everyone went for lunch. I was walking with Tim and as we passed the teacher’s lounge I noticed that the door was left partially open. This was it this was what I had been waiting for! This was my opportunity, I had to take it. I could sneak inside and listen to the teachers talking. I could prove that they were aliens or something worse. â€Å"Go on I’ll catch up,† I told Tim. He jogged and caught up with my sister Nicole. I checked the hallway to make sure no one was coming. When I was certain it was safe, I strolled over to the door. I pulled it back a little and stuck my head inside. I couldn’t hear anyone so I quickly slipped in and pulled the door to behind me. A walled coat rack separated me from the actual lounge. Still, it was quiet and I guessed that all of the teachers were down eating their lunch, peered around the corner and saw an empty room. As it was empty I decided that I would try again later and turned to go back out. That’s when I heard someone coming. I was almost hysterical as I raced around looking for someplace to hide. I saw a door across the room and hoped it was another way out. I was still thinking when I heard the door open. I sprang across the room like a rabbit and in no time I was on the other side of the door. I pulled it shut and quickly realised that I was in a closet. It wasn’t a solid door but one with wooden slats that ran across it. I could see out the door and hoped that whoever had come in wouldn’t notice me. I almost fainted when the Headmaster and Mr Henman ambled into the room. Mr Henman sat at the little table and the head poured each of them a cup of coffee. They were only a few feet in front of me. The head sat opposite Mr Henman â€Å"Have you finished collecting for the school trip?† the head enquired. Mr Henman looked at him for a minute and then said, â€Å"Yes. All done. Everyone is going this year.† The principle took a sip of his coffee and said, â€Å"I hope this is not like last year. You can’t keep paying for your kids to attend these things.† â€Å"It’s not like that at all,† he said. â€Å"The kids raised money this year to help each other out. They’re all paid up.† â€Å"You’re sure?† he pressed her. â€Å"Last year you paid out of your pocket for almost ten kids, Jim.† â€Å"I’m sure,† he said. The head said, â€Å"Good.† He finished his coffee and left the room. Now I was really curious. What was he trying to pull? Was he trying to set Tim up for something? My ears were burning red. Mr Henman took something from his pocket and put it on the table. I squinted and saw that it was a small calculator, then he pulled out a pencil and a piece of paper. He worked something out on the calculator, wrote it on the paper and then replaced it back in his pocket. Then he pulled out his mobile. Mr Henman dialled a number and I was able to listen in on his call. â€Å"This is Jim Davidson,† he said. He looked around the room as if he was expecting someone. â€Å"Yes, I’m calling about my car payment this month. I’m afraid I won’t be able to make it.† There was a long pause and then she spoke again. â€Å"I guess you could come get it at Pemberton High.† That evening as I rode the bus home, I saw Mr Henman walking from school. Earlier, I watched a man tow his car from the car park. And I noticed other things that I guess I just never paid attention to. He didn’t have a nice coat like the rest of the teachers. Mrs. Bailey had a real nice pair of suede boots. Mr Henman sported a pair of old tennis shoes. He didn’t look mad though, In fact, he had a smile on his face. I don’t know if I’d ever seen him smile before. Maybe he was one of those people who weren’t concerned about the number of possessions he owned? Maybe he was one of those people who was just happy to be living in such a prosperous area and working to help further children? Or maybe he was just a man with happy thoughts in his mind? I arrived home amazed by the look that had shone from Mr. Henman’s face, as I saw him walking from school. Had that been nearly any other human being, but especially the adults that I know, they would have been in tears. Boy did I learn something about teachers that day. Especially Mr Henman. I learnt that he’s not as crazy as I first thought he was, but a happy, contented man who was often misunderstood. I don’t think I’ll tell Tim, though. Sir wouldn’t like that very much. He’s not crazy, but neither am I! How to cite Fantasy Story on crazy teachers, Papers

Case Study Analysis on the Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare

Question: Case study analysis on the Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction According to Duke University, the most common definition of evidence-based practice in healthcare is Dr. David Sacketts that states, The conscientious, explicit judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patients. It means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence. Evidence-based health care practices are available for several health conditions such as, heart failure, diabetes and asthma. However, these practices are not always implemented, and numerous variations exist (Titler, 2010; Grove, Burns Gray, 2014). Traditionally, research on patients safety has focused on the analysis of data to identify patient safety issues and to determine new practices that improve quality and patients safety (Titler, 2010). Little research has been done on how to implement this practices, which is very important in the development of healthcare provision. Implementation of evidence-based practices is difficult and requires proper strategies to address the complexity of care systems, individual care givers, senior health officers, and changing the culture of care to one of evidence based practice (Titler, 2010); like in the case study involving Emilys (nursing practitioner) personal decision to use an oscillometric device against her seniors (senior doctor) orders to use an auscultating Calf blood pressure on a child. Statement of the Problem The main problem in the case study was the implementation of an evidence-based health care practice on a patient, by an individual practitioner (Emily, who was on probation), without approval by the hospital management. Nevertheless, the Australian law protects the rights of its citizens to have access to quality healthcare: a right that would have been violated if the Emily would have followed procedures instead of concentrating on providing quality health services to the child (Anderson Deravin-Malone, 2016, p. 25). She was careering for a child who was being subjected to an uncomfortable healthcare routine, when a better way was available. However, both Titler (2010) and Townsend (2014) stated that its implementation is complex and strategies should involve all levels of caregivers for ultimate effectiveness in changing the healthcare culture of a given environment. Therefore, the nurse was wrong in going against orders and implementing an evidence-based practice without involving the necessary personnel. Though she knew the existence of a new and more effective practice, she was ignorant of the critical process of implementation. This is in agreement with Titler (2010) who claimed that less research attention has been paid to how to implement practices. Research Question What is the right procedure that the nurse should have used before deciding to implement the evidence-based healthcare practice? Conclusion In conclusion, according to the case study and other researches, it is evident that a lot of evidence-based healthcare practices have been developed; however, more research needs to be conducted to establish clear guidelines on the implementation practices. Nursing has a rich history of applying this research in practice, started by Florence Nightingale. Contemporary nursing professionals have continued with this trend, providing improved care through the application of research findings in practice. References Overview - Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice - LibGuides at Duke University Medical Center. (2016).Guides.mclibrary.duke.edu. Titler, M. (2010). The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. R. (2014).Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Townsend, M. C. (2014).Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Anderson, J., Deravin-Malone, L. (2016). Chronic Care Nursing. Cambridge University Press.